Controlling Bacterial Diseases of Ornamentals
Management of bacterial diseases relies upon the use of all available information on
production of the crop as well as control of the pathogen. One of the most important pieces of information is what diseases occur on your crop. When you know the problems you might encounter on each crop it is easier to recognize their symptoms and apply control treatments before the disease reaches epidemic proportions. Start a collection of educational materials (including color slides or photographs) of the diseases which occur on your crops and make these available to your employees for their personal use. Training should continue at organizational or University meetings.
When a problem is discovered samples must be sent to a diagnostic laboratory for
culturing or indexing since this is the only reliable way to determine the cause of the problem. Since there are no really effective bactericides available you must discard all symptomatic plants using a very critical eye. When a bacterial pathogen is isolated from a plant do not jump to the conclusion that is causing the disease without further proof. Check in your records, the literature and with extension personnel or other disease experts to make sure that the bacterium has been demonstrated to cause of disease of your plant. Unfortunately, the isolation procedures used in most labs allow recovery of many bacteria, which are not pathogens as well as those known to cause serious losses in your crop.
Xanthomonas and Pseudomonas leaf spot on Delphinium look like the leaf above.
1 President and Plant Pathologist, Chase Research Gardens, Inc., P. O. Box 529, Mt. Aukum, CA 95656. www.chaseresearchgardens.com
CulturalControls
Know the time of year when each disease is most likely to occur. In general, Pseudomonas leaf spot is more severe during the cooler months while Erwinia blight is worst during the hottest periods of the year. Scouting for diseases only at times when temperatures are favorable allows for better management of personnel resources.
Use pathogen-free cuttings and seeds whenever possible. Several prominent diseases caused by Xanthomonas are known to be seed-borne (Ranunculus, Zinnia).
Eliminate overhead irrigation and exposure to rainfall when possible. Splashing water moves bacteria and allows than to infect new leaves.
Irrigate when the leaves will dry quickly.
Scout crops as they are received and once a week afterward.
Remove plants with symptoms at least once a week.
7. Have problems diagnosed by a laboratory.
Bactericides
Apply bactericides as a last resort or in a totally preventative fashion. Copper
products have been shown to be slightly more effective than antibiotics for control of Pseudomonas and Xanthomonas leaf spots, while antibiotics (streptomycin sulfate) work a little better for Erwinia diseases. In our tests, Phyton 27 has proven somewhat more effective than other copper in side by side comparisons. There are no known bactericides, which can provide complete protection of a plant from a bacterial infection. Neither can they eradicate an infection that has occurred. At best, bactericides used preventatively reduce spread of bacteria from one plant to the next and development of the disease in the original plant.
Conclusions
It is always best to have a plan of control before disease occurs. The plan should
include use of pathogen-free plant materials and an irrigation system that does not wet the leaves. These are the first levels of defense in controlling bacterial diseases and are critical in applying an integrated approach to bacterial disease control. Scouting the crop should be a routine procedure by the same person at least once a week. It is very important to critically examine all new plant materials as they come into the greenhouse. Before a problem develops you should know which laboratory or expert can confirm your diagnosis, how to submit samples and/or what information the "expert" will require. Finally, emergency procedures should include removing symptomatic plants from each crop at least
twice a week and destroying them promptly. Placing infected plants in a cull pile near production areas simply promotes the continued spread of the disease in your crop.
Xanthomonas blight on Zonal Geraniums
Hypolipidemic, Antioxidant, and Antiinflammatory Activities of Microalgae Spirulina Ruitang Deng 1 & Te-Jin Chow 2 1 Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA2 Department of Biotechnology, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan Keywords Antioxidant; Antiinflammatory; Hypolipidemic;Lipids disorder/athero
DE SORDOS, CARAS DURAS Y MENTIRAS DE PATAS CORTAS Un socio de FECRA al leer la editorial anterior, mandó un correo a nuestra sede que decía: Comparto el diagnóstico: ¿como nos curamos? En principio, modificar el pensamiento de un gobierno ocupado en hacer “caja” y que piensa que las estaciones de servicio si bien están mal, todavía resisten.- No se hace con risperidone o memantina. N
Controlling Bacterial Diseases of Ornamentals 
twice a week and destroying them promptly. Placing infected plants in a cull pile near production areas simply promotes the continued spread of the disease in your crop.
Xanthomonas blight on Zonal Geraniums