Microsoft word - eczema handout.doc

ALLERGY & ASTHMA CLINICS OF GEORGIA, P.C.
_______________________________________________
PATIENT HANDOUT for ECZEMA (also known as ATOPIC DERMATITIS)
What is eczema? Eczema is a chronic condition with acute flares and periods of remission. It is often
the first manifestation of a group of allergic disorders that includes asthma, allergic rhinitis, and food
allergy. The skin affected by eczema usually looks red, dry, and scaly and is extremely itchy. Eczema is not
contagious.
How frequent is eczema? Up to 20% of children and up to 3% of adults are diagnosed with eczema.
The condition develops during the first 12 months of life in 75% of children who are affected and clears completely at, or shortly after, puberty in up to 60%. Where does eczema occur on the body?
In children, the most commonly affected areas are the cheeks, chin, back, stomach, and arms. The hands,
feet, and creases of the elbows and knees are also commonly affected.
In adults, eczema is commonly found on the eyelids, neck, hands and wrists, inside the elbows and behind
the knees.

What is standard therapy for eczema? Topical steroids are used for acute flares. There is no
evidence for better efficacy of twice compared to once daily application. Even short-term use can be
associated with side effects, specifically in the face, axillae, and groin. Children are more susceptible to side
effects in part due to their larger skin surface to body mass ratios.

A topical steroid should never be used for longer than 2 consecutive weeks.
Local side effects include but are not limited to burning, itching, stinging, skin thinning, irreversible stretch
marks, changes in skin color that do not always go away, secondary infection, folliculitis, acneiform eruption,
perioral dermatitis, and allergic contact dermatitis.
Systemic side effects include but are not limited to high blood glucose and manifestations of Cushing's
syndrome.
Betamethasone Diproprionate 0.05% cream (most potent) luocinonide 0.05% cream Triamcinolone 0.025% cream Hydrocortisone 2.5% cream (least potent) What is wrap therapy? This approach is for localized and resistant eczema. It entails using Saran®
plastic wrap to cover treated skin at night. After bathing, a topical steroid is applied to damp skin followed by
Saran® plastic wrap. This technique serves three purposes:
1. Improved steroid penetration into the skin, 2. Decreased evaporative water loss, 3. Decreased ability to scratch affected area. The treatment should be targeted for less than 10 days since occlusive dressings increase the probability
of steroid side effects.
What are nonsteroidal topical immunomodulators?

Tacrolimus (Protopic®) ($117 for 30 g & $385 for 100 g) and
Pimecrolimus (Elidel®) ($96 for 30 g & $284 for 100 g)
These nonsteroidal topical immunomodulators are considered by most dermatologists to be safer than topical
corticosteroids, particularly when used on eyelids, the face, axillae and groin.

A theoretical risk of immunosuppression, with resultant theoretical progression to skin
cancers and lymphoma, prompted the FDA to require a "black box" warning on these products, despite the
fact that neither immunosuppression nor carcinogenesis has ever been demonstrated in humans.

While usually not particularly useful as monotherapy for treatment of acute eczema, Protopic® and
Elidel® are effective for prevention of exacerbations.
Vitamin B12 cream: A new maintenance treatment for eczema
A double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial in adults revealed a continuously progressive beneficial effect of vitamin B12 cream on eczema throughout the treatment phase of 8 weeks (Br J Dermatol 150: 977, 2004). Two patients (4%) reported a very good efficacy and a further 26 patients (55%) reported a good efficacy of the vitamin B12 cream. A recently published trial extended this finding to children with a mean age of 3.6 years (J Altern Complement Med 15:387, 2009). Thus, following treatment of an acute flare of eczema with high-potency steroids,
vitamin B12 cream can be tried for maintenance treatment in an attempt to prolong the
relapse-free interval.
Patients need to be aware that while topical vitamin B12 appears to have minimal to no adverse effects it is still
a new drug which implies that there may be side effects that we do not know about yet.
What moisturizer should I use?
The importance of frequent moisturizing can not be overemphasized as a treatment for
eczema. Moisturizers maintain skin hydration and barrier function. Historically, the gold standard has been the
thick, petroleum based emollients. These treatments, such as vaseline, are occlusive by design and manage
to hold the moisture in the skin by physically blocking the evaporative water loss. They should be applied
within 5 minutes of bathing while the skin is still damp. While most effective, they might be impractical for
adolescents and in warmer climates because of their greasy, sticky feel. Moreover, petroleum ointments are oil
based and may stain clothes and bed linens.
What can we do to relieve itching?
Over-the-counter Sarna Ultra® anti-itch cream is the first choice. It relieves
itching associated with dryness and cracked skin.  Over-the-counter diphenhydramine (Benadryl®; not expected to be harmful to an
 Prescription hydroxyzine (Atarax®, contraindicated in pregnant and nursing
women) Are antihistamines that effectively reduce the itch of hives but only relieve eczema's itch by causing drowsiness. The effect of these medications lasts less than 6 hours. Over-the-counter cetirazine (Zyrtec®) and loratadine (Claritin®) or prescription fexofenadine
(Allegra®) are longer-acting, non-sedating antihistamines, given not more than twice a day. These
medications work best to control hives and rhinitis, which are frequently associated with eczema.

Unfortunately, non-sedating anti-histamines are of limited benefit for the itch
associated with eczema.
Why do we use Antibacterial Agents?

 Children with eczema are heavily colonized with staphylococcus, and the extent of this colonization
directly correlates with the disease activity. We address acute infection with either oral or topical antibiotics depending upon the severity of the infection.
We recommend useing Cefdinir (Omnicef®) and Mupirocin (Bactroban®, Centany®), respectively, as
first line agents.

 In those patients who suffer from chronic, relapsing infection, we suggest weekly bleach baths to keep
colonization counts low and prevent re-infection. During the last few minutes of the child's bath - remember, bathing should be quick to begin with! - half a cup of household bleach is added to the tub, taking care not to directly contact eyes, nose, or mouth. This preparation is dilute enough not to sting irritated skin, yet potent enough to effectively decrease bacterial colonization. Bleach baths have never been formally evaluated in eczema, but have proven quite helpful in reducing bacterial transmission rates in third-world nations. What is narrow-band ultraviolet B (UVB) therapy?
This is an exceptional option, both for its safety and efficacy profile. While relatively slow to start
(children will sometimes need several weeks of therapy before a palpable effect is observed), UVB also can have an effect after treatment has ended. Like many systemic treatments in children, there is a conspicuous scarcity of long term data to assess the possible carcinogenic effect after short term UVB treatment for eczema. However, the exposure from a targeted UVB session is comparable to a few minutes of full spectrum ambient exposure to the sun. Roughly 70% of children experience good or excellent clearance with more than 20 UVB treatments. Itch responds before improvement in the rash.

Source: http://www.aacoga.com/docs/Eczema%20Handout.pdf